Skip to main content

Featured

How to Draft a Price Adjustment Clause

By
A well‑drafted price adjustment clause protects both buyer and seller from unexpected cost fluctuations, preserving long‑term relationships. How to Draft a Price Adjustment Clause In today’s volatile economic environment, raw material costs , labor rates, and currency values can swing dramatically during the life of a contract. A static price can leave one party unfairly burdened or the other with unsustainable margins. Price adjustment clauses offer a balanced solution: they allow contract prices to be adjusted based on predefined triggers or indices, preserving fairness and commercial viability. This guide explains how to draft effective price adjustment clauses , covering key components, drafting techniques, and real‑world considerations. Quick Summary: What is a price adjustment clause? A contractual provision that allows for price changes based on external factors (e.g., index, raw materi...
Post a Comment

Human Anatomy Self-Assessment Review Questions and answers

Image
By
Annotated version of Gray's image 969; opened Mediastinum viewed from left body side

Mediastinum

1. The boundary between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum can be described as a horizontal line extending from the:

a. ______________________________________ anteriorly

b. ______________________________________ posteriorly

2. Name the four (4) major branches of the left coronary artery.

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________

3. Name the four (4) major branches of the right coronary artery.

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________

d. ______________________________________________________

4. Which cardiac valve is located between the right atrium and right 

ventricle?

____________________________________________________________

36

5. Indicate the location of the nerve cells that provide autonomic innervation to the heart.

a. preganglionic sympathetic ___________________________

b. postganglionic sympathetic ___________________________

c. preganglionic parasympathetic ___________________________

d. postganglionic parasympathetic ___________________________

6. Name in order from proximal to distal, the three (3) arteries that arise from the arch of the aorta.

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________

7. The azygos vein drains into what vein?

____________________________________________________________

8. Pectinate muscles are a feature of which chamber of the heart?

____________________________________________________________

9. Which artery passes horizontally, immediately posterior to the ascending aorta (be specific)?

____________________________________________________________

10. Which cardiac veins do NOT drain into the coronary sinus?

____________________________________________________________

11. In the superior mediastinum, what structure lies immediately posterior to the trachea?

____________________________________________________________

37

12. The thoracic duct drains into the angle formed by which two vessels?

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________

13. In the superior mediastinum, the left phrenic nerve lies (anterior / posterior) to the left pulmonary artery. 

_____________________________________________________________

14. In the superior mediastinum, the left brachiocephalic vein lies (anterior / posterior) to the left common carotid artery.

_____________________________________________________________

15. In the superior mediastinum, the ascending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the trachea. 

_____________________________________________________________

16. In the superior mediastinum, the esophagus lies (anterior / posterior) to the trachea.

_____________________________________________________________ 

17. In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct lies (anterior / posterior) to the superior vena cava.

_____________________________________________________________

18. In the superior mediastinum, the descending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the left main stem bronchus.

_____________________________________________________________

38

19. In the superior mediastinum, the descending aorta lies (anterior / posterior) to the left pulmonary artery.

_____________________________________________________________

20. In the posterior mediastinum, the thoracic duct lies (to the right / to the left) of the thoracic aorta.

___________________________________________________________

21. In the posterior mediastinum, the esophagus lies (anterior / posterior) to the descending aorta.

___________________________________________________________

22. What is the origin of the internal thoracic artery?

___________________________________________________________

23. Name the opening in the respiratory diaphragm does NOT open into the posterior mediastinum?

___________________________________________________________ 

24. The phrenic nerve courses inferiorly through the mediastinum, passing

______________________ (anterior or posterior) to the root of the lung.

25. The vagus nerve courses inferiorly through the mediastinum, passing

______________________ (anterior or posterior) to the root of the lung.

39

26. What vertebral level marks each of the following openings in the diaphragm?

a. aortic hiatus __________________________

b. vena caval hiatus __________________________

c. esophageal hiatus __________________________ 

27. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the aortic valve?

___________________________________________________________

28. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the tricuspid valve?

___________________________________________________________

29. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the pulmonary valve?

___________________________________________________________

30. Where is the best place on the chest to auscultate the mitral valve?

___________________________________________________________ 

31. Which covering of the heart is also known as the epicardium? 

___________________________________________________________

32. Which chamber forms the right border of the heart?

___________________________________________________________

33. Which coronary artery gives rise to a branch that supplies the SA node?

___________________________________________________________

40

34. What structure lies immediately behind the esophagus at the T10 vertebral 

level?

___________________________________________________________ 

35. What structure lies on the anterior surface of the left main stem bronchus?

___________________________________________________________

Answer Key 

1. a. sternal angle (angle of Louis)

b. T4-T5 intervertebral disc

2. a. anterior interventricular artery

b. circumflex artery

c. left marginal artery.

d. lateral (diagonal)

3. a. posterior interventricular artery

b. right marginal artery

c. AV nodal branch

d. SA nodal branch

4. tricuspid valve

5. a. intermediolateral nucleus.

b. superior, middle, inferior cervical gang.

c. dorsal motor nucleus

d. cardiac plexus

6. a. brachiocephalic trunk

b. left common carotid artery

c. left subclavian artery

7. superior vena cava

8. right atrium

9. right pulmonary artery

10. anterior cardiac veins

11. esophagus

12. a. left internal jugular vein

b. left subclavian vein

13. anterior

14. anterior

15. anterior

16. posterior

17. posterior

18. posterior

19. posterior 

20. right

21. anterior

22. subclavian artery

23. vena caval hiatus

24. anterior

25. posterior

26. a. T12

b. T8

c. T10 

27. the second intercostal space on the right side along the lateral sternal border

28. the fifth intercostal space on the left side along the lateral sternal border

29. the second intercostal space on the left side along the lateral sternal border 

30. the fifth intercostal space on the left side on or near the midclavicular line

31. parietal layer of serous pericardium 

32. right ventricle

33. right coronary artery

34. thoracic aorta 

35. left pulmonary artery

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular Posts

Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

By
This article provides an overview of the respiratory system , detailing its structure, function, and the process of gas exchange in the lungs essential for sustaining life. Image by Respiratory System (Illustration).png Gas Exchange in the Lungs The respiratory system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. From the moment we take our first breath to every subsequent inhale and exhale , the respiratory system plays a vital role in sustaining life. This article will delve into the intricacies of its structure and function, focusing on the remarkable process of gas exchange in the lungs. Structure of the Respiratory System: The respiratory system can be divided into two main parts: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract . Upper Respiratory Tract: Nasal Cavity : Acts as the entry point for air into the respiratory system. It is lined with mucous membranes and tiny hairs called cilia ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Exploring the Architectures and Roles of Cell Organelles

By
Explore the intricate structures and vital functions of cell organelles , including the nucleus , mitochondria , and chloroplasts , shedding light on their roles in cellular processes and organismal survival. Image by  Simple diagram of animal cell (en).svg Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts Cell organelles are the microscopic structures within cells that perform specialized functions crucial for the survival and functioning of living organisms. Among the key organelles are the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, each with distinct structures and roles. Understanding their compositions and functions provides insight into the intricate workings of cells. The Nucleus: The nucleus acts as the control center of the cell, housing the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Structurally, it is surrounded by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope, which contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of molecules such as RNA and proteins...
Post a Comment
Read more

Decoding the Blueprint of Life

By
This article provides an in-depth exploration of the structure and function of DNA, elucidating its pivotal role in inheritance and the transmission of genetic information across generations. Image by Chromosome DNA Gene.svg Understanding the Structure and Function of DNA in Inheritance Deoxyribonucleic acid , more commonly known as DNA , is often referred to as the blueprint of life . It holds the instructions necessary for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all living organisms. In this article, we delve into the intricate structure and remarkable functions of DNA, exploring its pivotal role in inheritance. Structure of DNA: DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides . Each nucleotide consists of three components: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A) , thymine (T) , cytosine (C) , and guanine (G) . These bases pair specifically with one another: A wit...
Post a Comment
Read more