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Glossary of Business Law

⬅ back to main page    Anticipatory Breach (or Repudiation) Occurs when one party, before the time for performance arrives, clearly communicates they will not fulfill their contractual obligations.The aggrieved party can sue immediately for breach without waiting for the performance date. Articles of Incorporation (or Certificate of Incorporation) The document filed with a government body (e.g., a Secretary of State) to legally form a corporation. It includes basic information like the company's name, purpose, and share structure. Bylaws The internal governing rules for a corporation, detailing procedures for meetings, elections,the role of directors and officers, and other operational matters. They are adopted by the shareholders or incorporators. Caveat Emptor Caveat Venditor A modern counter-principle meaning “let the seller beware.” It places more responsibility on theseller to disclose defects and ensure product safety, reinforced by consumer protection laws and im...
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Adjustments and Closing the Books

⬅Previous Chapter  | Next Chapter ➡️  Introduction At the conclusion of each accounting period, an organization must meticulously prepare its financial statements to ensure they faithfully represent its economic performance and financial health. This process extends beyond merely compiling recorded transactions. It necessitates a deliberate review to capture all economic activities of the period, including those not yet finalized through cash exchanges or invoices. This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the period-end adjustment process, a cornerstone of accrual accounting . We will detail the identification and recording of accruals, prepayments, depreciation , and provisions, followed by the preparation of an adjusted trial balance. The process culminates in the closing of temporary accounts and the formal preparation of the Statement of Profit or Loss and Statement of Financial Position . Mastery of these steps is fundamental to adhering to the matching and ...

Accounting for Liabilities and Equity

⬅Previous Chapter  | Next Chapter ➡️  Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Define liabilities and equity and explain their role within the accounting equation . Classify liabilities as current or non-current and justify the classification. Account for common liabilities, including loans, provisions, and deferred revenue. Identify and explain the components of equity for different business structures. Record transactions affecting equity, including capital contributions, drawings, and dividends. Prepare a simple statement of financial position (balance sheet) section for equity. Analyze the impact of transactions on a company's financial position and leverage. 8.1 The Foundational Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity The accounting equation is the cornerstone of double-entry bookkeeping . It must always remain in balance, providing a snapshot of a company's financial position at any point in time. Assets are resources controlled by the...

Accounting for Assets

Navigation  ⬅Previous Chapter | Next Chapter ➡️ Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Explain what assets are and why they are important in accounting Classify assets into current and non- current assets Account for cash, receivables , and allowances for doubtful debts Apply inventory valuation methods ( FIFO , LIFO , Weighted Average ) Account for Property, Plant and Equipment ( PPE ) Calculate and record depreciation using straight-line and reducing balance methods Present assets correctly in financial statements 7.1 Meaning of Assets An asset is a resource controlled by a business as a result of past events, from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the business. This definition, based on the IASB Conceptual Framework , contains three essential criteria: control, past event, and future economic benefit. Examples of Assets Cash in hand and at bank Inventory (goods held for resale) Accounts receivable (trade debtors) B...