In the previous chapters, we explored the ecosystem of financial markets and institutions. Now, we turn to a concept so fundamental that it underpins almost every financial decision ever made: the Time Value of Money ( TVM ) . This chapter introduces the core principles, definitions, and calculations that form the bedrock of valuation . 3.1 Introduction to Time Value of Money Would you rather have €100 today or €100 one year from today? Intuitively, you would choose to have the money today. This simple preference illustrates the most important concept in finance: a dollar (or euro) today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow. This is not because of inflation , though that can be a factor. It is because of money's earning potential : If you have €100 today, you can invest it. In a year, that investment could grow to €102, €105, or even more. The €100 you receive in the future cannot be invested until you receive it, and you therefore miss out on that entire period of potential growt...
Objectives
By the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
- Understand the meaning and purpose of competition law
- Explain the objectives of competition law at national and international levels
- Trace the historical development of competition law
- Understand key foundational concepts such as competition, market, and undertaking
- Appreciate the role of competition law in modern economies
1. Introduction to Competition Law
1.1 Meaning of Competition Law
Competition law, also known as antitrust law, is a branch of economic law that regulates market behaviour to ensure fair competition among businesses. It seeks to prevent practices that restrict, distort, or eliminate competition in the marketplace. These practices include cartels, abuse of dominance, and anti-competitive mergers.
1.2 Scope of Competition Law
Competition law applies to businesses, corporations, state-owned enterprises, and sometimes professional bodies engaged in economic activity. It governs conduct within domestic markets and, increasingly, cross-border commercial activities that affect international trade.
1.3 Importance of Competition Law
Competition law promotes efficient markets, protects consumers from unfair practices, encourages innovation, and ensures that no single firm can unfairly dominate a market. In a globalised economy, competition law also supports fair international trade and investment.
2. Objectives of Competition Law
2.1 Promotion of Fair Competition
One of the primary objectives of competition law is to maintain fair competition by preventing agreements or conduct that restrict market rivalry. Healthy competition encourages better quality goods, lower prices, and wider consumer choice.
2.2 Protection of Consumer Welfare
Competition law seeks to protect consumers from exploitation through price-fixing, monopolistic pricing, or reduced product quality. Consumer welfare remains a central goal in most modern competition regimes.
Competition law promotes efficient allocation of resources by ensuring that markets function competitively. Efficient markets reward productive firms and eliminate inefficient ones, contributing to overall economic growth.
2.4 Market Integration and Trade
In regional and international contexts, competition law supports market integration by preventing private barriers to trade. This is especially important in economic blocs such as the European Union, COMESA, and other regional trade arrangements.
3. History and Evolution of Competition Law
3.1 Early Development
Competition law originated in response to industrialisation and the rise of monopolies in the late 19th century. Large industrial firms began to dominate markets, raising concerns about unfair pricing and market control.
3.2 United States Antitrust Law
The modern foundation of competition law began in the United States with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This legislation prohibited monopolies and restraints of trade and laid the groundwork for global antitrust principles.
3.3 European Competition Law
European competition law developed after World War II, particularly through the Treaty of Rome (1957). EU competition law focuses on maintaining market integration and preventing distortion of competition within the internal market.
3.4 Global Expansion of Competition Law
Today, over 130 countries have competition laws. Developing economies, including African and Asian states, have adopted competition regimes to regulate markets, protect consumers, and attract foreign investment.
4. Key Concepts in Competition Law
4.1 Competition
Competition refers to rivalry among businesses seeking to attract customers by offering better prices, quality, innovation, or services. Effective competition prevents market dominance and benefits consumers.
4.2 Market
A market refers to the area where goods or services are exchanged. In competition law, markets are defined by both product scope and geographic scope. Market definition is essential for assessing dominance and competitive effects.
4.3 Undertaking
An undertaking is any entity engaged in economic activity, regardless of its legal form or ownership. This includes companies, partnerships, individuals, and sometimes public or state-owned entities when acting commercially.
4.4 Market Power
Market power refers to the ability of a firm to behave independently of competitors or consumers. High market power may indicate dominance, which is closely scrutinised under competition law.
5. Role of Competition Authorities
5.1 National Competition Authorities
Most countries establish competition authorities to enforce competition law, investigate violations, and impose penalties. These bodies may also engage in advocacy and market studies.
5.2 International and Regional Bodies
International cooperation is facilitated through organisations such as the International Competition Network (ICN), OECD Competition Committee, and regional bodies like COMESA Competition Commission.
5.3 Enforcement and Compliance
Competition authorities investigate anti-competitive conduct, review mergers, and promote compliance through guidelines and education. Effective enforcement is critical to maintaining market integrity.
6. Relevance of Competition Law in a Global Economy
6.1 Globalisation and Cross-Border Conduct
Business activities increasingly cross national borders, making international cooperation essential. Anti-competitive conduct in one country can affect markets in others.
6.2 Developing Economies
Competition law plays a vital role in developing economies by preventing abuse by dominant firms, promoting small and medium enterprises, and supporting inclusive economic growth.
6.3 Digital Markets
Modern competition law faces new challenges in digital markets, including data dominance, platform monopolies, and algorithmic pricing, requiring evolving legal approaches.
7. Conclusion of Lecture 1
7.1 Summary
This lecture introduced competition law as a vital legal framework that regulates market behaviour to promote fairness, efficiency, and consumer welfare. It explored the objectives, historical development, and foundational concepts of competition law.
7.2 Link to Next Lecture
The next lecture will build on this foundation by examining *anti-competitive agreements*, including cartels, price-fixing, and restrictive vertical arrangements.
➡ Next Lecture: Lecture 2 – Anti-Competitive Agreements
Introduction to Competition Law/E-cyclopedia Resources by Kateule Sydney is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
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