RED HARVEST Adapted by Kateule Sydney from the Original Work by Dashiell Hammett · Public domain (1929) PLAYBOOK 1: THE CLEANSING OF POISONVILLE Chapters 1–7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: The Woman in Green and the Man in Gray A stranger arrives in Personville and meets with a publisher's wife Chapter 2: The Czar of Poisonville A body is found and the detective meets Elihu Willsson Chapter 3: Dinah Brand The Op visits the woman who knows too much Chapter 4: Hurricane Street A raid, a warning, and a death Chapter 5: Old Elihu Talks Sense The Czar makes an offer Chapter 6: Whisper's Joint A visit to the gambling den Chapter 7: That's Why I Sewed You Up The Op begins his campaign Chapter 1: The Woman in Green and the Man in Gray I first heard Personville called Poisonville by a red-haired mucker named Hickey Dewey in the Big Ship in Butte. He also called ...
4C Framework
Introduction: The 4C Framework refers to customer-oriented alternatives to the traditional 4Ps marketing mix. This article explains two widely cited versions documented in marketing literature: Robert Lauterborn's 4Cs from the 1990s focused on consumer wants, cost, convenience, and communication, and Koichi Shimizu's earlier 4Cs from the 1970s focused on commodity, cost, channel, and communication. Both models reframe marketing decisions around demand and co-creation rather than supply-side tactics.
Lauterborn's 4Cs: consumer-oriented marketing
Robert F. Lauterborn proposed a 4Cs classification in 1990 as a more consumer-oriented version of the 4Ps that attempts to better fit the movement from mass marketing to niche marketing. The model replaces product with consumer wants and needs, recognizing that a company will only sell what the consumer specifically wants to buy, so marketers should study consumer wants and needs to attract them. Price becomes cost, reflecting the total cost to satisfy a want or need, including not only monetary price but also the cost of time in acquiring a good or service, the cost to change or implement a new product, and the customer's cost for not selecting a competitor's offering. Place becomes convenience, acknowledging that in the era of internet, catalogues, and phones, consumers neither need to go anywhere nor are limited to a few places; marketers should know how the target market prefers to buy and ensure ease of finding the product and information. Promotion becomes communication, shifting from manipulative seller push to cooperative dialogue aimed at creating a conversation with potential customers based on their needs and lifestyles.
- Consumer: Study wants and needs instead of pushing products.
- Cost: Consider total cost of ownership, including time and effort.
- Convenience: Ensure ease of purchase and access across channels.
Shimizu's 4Cs: co-creation and compass model
Koichi Shimizu proposed a 4Cs classification in 1973, later expanded in 1979 to the 7Cs Compass Model. The 4Cs model provides a demand and customer co-creation alternative to the well-known 4Ps supply-side model. The core elements are commodity, cost, communication, and channel. Commodity is defined as co-created goods and services, emphasizing goods and services created by corporations and consumers together, distinct from simple product output. Cost encompasses producing cost, selling cost, purchasing cost, and costs for society and the global environment, reflecting sacrifices made together. Communication is preferred over promotion, emphasizing sharing of meaning rather than pushing forward, and can include advertising, public relations, personal selling, corporate identity, and internal communication. Channel refers to marketing channels and the flow of goods. The model positions the corporation within a broader context of competitors, organizations, and stakeholders, with compliance and accountability as important considerations.
- Commodity: Focus on co-created value, not just manufactured product.
- Communication: Two-way sharing rather than one-way promotion.
- Channel: Manage flow of goods through collaborative pathways.
📌 Frequently Asked Questions
How do the 4Cs differ from the 4Ps?
The 4Ps focus on supply-side decisions, while the 4Cs reframe them around consumer perspective and co-creation.
Who created the 4C models?
Koichi Shimizu proposed the commodity-cost-channel-communication model in 1973, and Robert Lauterborn proposed the consumer-cost-convenience-communication model in 1990.
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