Negligence Defences & Remedies: Contributory Negligence, Damages Assessment & Key Procedural Rules Last Verified: 2026-09-05 | Author: Kateule Sydney, Founder for E-cyclopedia Resources since 2019 | Published by E-cyclopedia Resources 📚 Navigation: Playbook 1 Playbook 2 ⬅ Playbook 3 (Current) 📖 Table of Contents 1. Defences 2. Damages 3. Survival 4. Multiple Tortfeasors 5. Insurance 6. Case Briefs Image: The scales of justice, representing the balancing act between legal defences and the assessment of remedies in negligence law. Summary: This guide explores the critical defences available in negligence claims, including contributory negligence and volenti non fit injuria. It also provides a comprehensive overview of damages assessment principles, the survival of actions, joint and several liability, and t...
Core communication strategies and frameworks
Introduction: Core communication strategies and frameworks provide structured ways to plan how organizations share information with internal and external audiences. A communication strategy outlines goals, key messages, audience information, selected channels, and timing guidelines, while a communication plan applies that strategy to specific campaigns. These frameworks align communication with business objectives, improve clarity and consistency, and help teams build stronger relationships, overcome challenges, and increase brand awareness. They draw on established models of communication that describe how messages are created, transmitted, received, and interpreted.
Foundational models of communication
Models of communication simplify the complex process of exchanging messages and help researchers and practitioners identify key components. Most models include a sender who encodes information into a message, a channel through which the signal travels, a receiver who decodes the message, and the potential for noise that interferes with understanding. Early models were linear transmission models, which describe communication as a one-way process from sender to receiver. Examples include Lasswell's model, the Shannon-Weaver model, Gerbner's model, and Berlo's model. These are useful for forms like text messaging or email where feedback is delayed. Interaction models add a feedback loop, with participants alternating between sender and receiver roles. This allows the sender to assess whether a message was received and had the intended effect. Schramm's model is an early interaction model. Transaction models go further by treating sending and responding as simultaneous processes. They emphasize that meaning is created in the process of communication, not prior to it, and highlight the role of context, including social rules, relational history, and cultural identities. Constitutive and constructionist models view communication as the basic process through which people understand and experience reality.
- Linear: One-way flow, focuses on sender, message, channel, and noise.
- Interaction: Two-way with feedback, emphasizes turn-taking and context.
- Transaction: Simultaneous exchange, meaning is co-created, shaped by social and cultural context.
Building a communication strategy framework
A communication strategy framework is a tool for planning a company's communication with employees, suppliers, investors, and customers. It establishes the foundation for internal and external communication and aligns goals, values, and objectives with behaviors that influence long-term success. Effective frameworks use systematic approaches and begin with stakeholder involvement, often through workshops that provide broader perspective. Teams analyze the situation, target audience, and project, summarizing the nature and scope, available resources, communication channels, and areas for improvement. Audiences are segmented into priority and influential groups, with profiles that consider behaviors, motivations, demographics, and media access. Communication objectives are then developed to address key challenges, using measurable outcomes and time frames. Strategic approaches are selected based on effectiveness, cost, reach, and audience literacy, and may be combined in phases. Core messages are drafted to convey the organization's vision and value proposition consistently across all activities, distinct from specific campaign copy. Channels are chosen to match audience habits, including community-based, interpersonal, digital and social media, and mass media. An implementation plan assigns roles and responsibilities, outlines activities and timelines, and includes a budget. Finally, a monitoring and evaluation plan uses relevant indicators to measure progress and ensure the strategy addresses project objectives.
- Define: Set clear goals, identify and analyze key audiences, and conduct situation analysis.
- Design: Develop objectives, select strategic approaches, create core messages, and choose channels and timing.
- Deliver: Build implementation and budget plans, assign roles, execute, and monitor results for continuous improvement.
📌 Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a communication strategy and a communication plan?
A communication strategy is high-level and outlines the general approach, audiences, and channels. A communication plan is tactical and focused on a specific campaign, with detailed messages, timelines, and action items.
Why are feedback and context important in communication models?
Feedback allows senders to know if messages were understood and to adjust accordingly. Context, including physical environment, relationships, and culture, shapes how messages are encoded, decoded, and interpreted.
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