Negligence Defences & Remedies: Contributory Negligence, Damages Assessment & Key Procedural Rules Last Verified: 2026-09-05 | Author: Kateule Sydney, Founder for E-cyclopedia Resources since 2019 | Published by E-cyclopedia Resources 📚 Navigation: Playbook 1 Playbook 2 ⬅ Playbook 3 (Current) 📖 Table of Contents 1. Defences 2. Damages 3. Survival 4. Multiple Tortfeasors 5. Insurance 6. Case Briefs Image: The scales of justice, representing the balancing act between legal defences and the assessment of remedies in negligence law. Summary: This guide explores the critical defences available in negligence claims, including contributory negligence and volenti non fit injuria. It also provides a comprehensive overview of damages assessment principles, the survival of actions, joint and several liability, and t...
friendshoring
Introduction: Friendshoring, also called allyshoring, is the practice of manufacturing and sourcing from countries that are geopolitical allies, such as members of the same trade bloc or military alliance. The approach emerged after recent shocks to global supply chains, including the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and has been promoted by policymakers as a way to reduce geopolitical risk while maintaining access to international markets. It focuses supply chain networks on countries regarded as politically and economically safe or low-risk, rather than solely on lowest cost.
Origins and policy context
The term “allied shoring” was first used at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic by Bonnie Glick while serving as Deputy Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development. The term “ally-shoring” appeared in a Brookings Institution article in June 2021. In April 2022, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen used the term “friend-shoring” in a speech, and the White House mentioned “ally and friendshoring” in a June 2022 report on resilient supply chains. Recent U.S. trade policy, including the USMCA and IPEF, has complied with the friendshoring arrangement. One effect has been an increase in trade with Mexico, which in 2023 replaced China as the biggest producer of goods exported to the United States. The World Economic Forum describes friendshoring as rerouting supply chains to countries perceived as politically and economically safe to avoid disruption to business flows.
- Definition: Manufacturing and sourcing from geopolitical allies to reduce supply chain risk.
- Policy drivers: U.S. government emphasis on obtaining components and raw materials from friendly countries with shared values to increase security of domestic production.
- Related terms: Nearshoring, reshoring, and offshoring are distinct strategies that are often discussed alongside friendshoring.
Advantages and disadvantages
Friendshoring can help mitigate supply chain risk stemming from geopolitical tensions with countries that exert full control over the flow of important materials. When balanced with reshoring, it can promote supply chain resiliency. It also makes supply chains more reliable by reducing dependencies on countries that are not allies, such as interruptions experienced by companies operating in China during its zero-COVID policy and disarray since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In cases where onshoring is infeasible, friendshoring can maintain offshore operations while mitigating risk, for example with materials like lithium that are only available in specific parts of the world. It can also tap into complex, mature supply chains already developed for a particular supply or service, which may be more feasible than onshoring in terms of cost and logistics. However, friendshoring can lead to more expensive products if countries depart from areas with low production costs, and economists suggest it can potentially lead to supply shocks and lower growth over time. Critics warn it may reduce economic output, create difficulties in defining who counts as a friend or ally, and exacerbate tension with countries that are not considered allies.
- Geopolitical benefit: Reduces exposure to disruptions from non-allied suppliers and improves reliability.
- Efficiency benefit: Allows use of existing mature supply chains in allied countries when full onshoring is not practical.
- Trade-offs: Potential for higher costs, reduced economic output, and challenges in long-term planning due to changing alliances.
📌 Frequently Asked Questions
How is friendshoring different from nearshoring?
Friendshoring prioritizes political and economic alignment with allies, while nearshoring prioritizes geographic proximity to reduce shipping costs and lead times. A nearshore location may or may not be a geopolitical ally.
Why are companies considering friendshoring now?
Recent shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts have exposed vulnerabilities in concentrated supply chains, prompting firms and governments to seek more resilient networks among trusted partners.
Comments
Post a Comment