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Human Anatomy Self-Assessment Review Questions and answers

Image of Eye and orbit anatomy with motor nerves

Orbit

1. What are the three (3) openings located in the posterior part of the orbit?

a. ______________________________________________________ 

b. ______________________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________________

2. What are the two (2) main structures that pass through the optic canal? 

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________ 

3. What are the main structures that pass through the superior and inferior orbital fissures?

a. _____________________________________________ nerve

b. _____________________________________________ nerve

c. _____________________________________________ nerve

d. _____________________________________________ nerve

e. _____________________________________________ nerve 

f. _____________________________________________ nerve

g. _____________________________________________ vein 

h. _____________________________________________ vein

4. What are the main structures that pass through the common tendinous ring?

a. _____________________________________________ nerve

b. _____________________________________________ nerve

c. _____________________________________________ nerve

d. _____________________________________________ nerve 

5. What is the name of the thin membrane that lines the surface of the cornea and deep surface of the upper and lower eye lids (palpebrae)? 

_____________________________________________________________

6. What two (2) muscles play a role in elevation of the upper eyelid?

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________ 

7. What are the two (2) main types of glands in the upper eyelid? 

a. ______________________________________________________ 

b. ______________________________________________________

8. Describe the location of the lacrimal gland in the orbit.

____________________________________________________________

9. Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

____________________________________________________________

10. What cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the lacrimal gland? 

____________________________________________________________

11. Which extraocular muscle does NOT originate from the common tendinous ring?

____________________________________________________________

12. What nerve provides motor innervation to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle? 

___________________________________________________________

13. Where are the nerve cell bodies that provide motor innervation to Mueller’s muscle?

___________________________________________________________ 

14. What are the three (3) branches of the ophthalmic artery in the orbit? 

a. _____________________________________________________ 

b. _____________________________________________________

c. _____________________________________________________

15. What nerve enters the orbit by way of the inferior orbital fissure? 

____________________________________________________________ 

16. What nerve gives rise to the short ciliary nerves? 

____________________________________________________________

17. What nerve gives rise to the long ciliary nerves? 

____________________________________________________________

18. What artery gives rise to the central artery of the retina? 

____________________________________________________________

19. Into what venous structure do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain?

____________________________________________________________

Diagram of A Human Eye1:posterior segment of eyeball 2:ora serrata 3:ciliary muscle 4:ciliary zonules 5:canal of Schlemm 6:pupil 7:anterior chamber 8:cornea 9:iris 10:lens cortex 11:lens nucleus 12:ciliary process 13:conjunctiva 14:inferior oblique muscle 15:inferior rectus muscle 16:medial rectus muscle 17:retinal arteries and veins 18:optic disc 19:dura mater 20:central retinal artery 21:central retinal vein 22:optic nerve 23:vorticose vein 24:bulbar sheath 25:macula 26:fovea 27:sclera 28:choroid 29:superior rectus muscle 30:retina

Eye

1. What are the three (3) layers of the eye? (List layers from superficial to deep.)

a. ______________________________________________________ 

b. ______________________________________________________ 

c. ______________________________________________________ 

2. What nerve provides sensory innervation to the cornea? 

____________________________________________________________

3. What structure separates the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber of the eye? 

____________________________________________________________

4. What fluid is found in the anterior chamber of the eye?

____________________________________________________________ 

5. What fluid is found in the posterior chamber of the eye? 

____________________________________________________________

6. What two (2) muscles are located in the iris AND what division of the autonomic 

nervous system provides motor innervation to each?

a. _________________________ ___________________________

b. _________________________ ___________________________

7. What structure connects the lens to the ciliary muscle?

____________________________________________________________

8. What is the effect of contraction of the ciliary muscle? 

___________________________________________________________ 

9. Where are the nerve cell bodies that provide motor innervation to the ciliary muscle?

a. preganglionic cell _________________________________

b. postganglionic cell _________________________________ 

10. Where are the cell bodies that provide motor innervation to the pupillary constrictors? 

a. preganglionic cell _________________________________

b. postganglionic cell _________________________________

11. Where are the cell bodies that provide motor innervation to the pupillary dilators?

a. preganglionic cell _________________________________

b. postganglionic cell _________________________________

12. What structure produces aqueous humor? 

___________________________________________________________

13. Through what opening does aqueous humor normally pass to exit the eye? 

___________________________________________________________

14. Where is this opening located?

___________________________________________________________

15. What is the optic disc? 

___________________________________________________________ 

16. What is the physiologic cup? 

____________________________________________________________ 

17. What is the macula lutea? 

____________________________________________________________ 

18. What is the fovea centralis? 

____________________________________________________________

19. What retinal structure is associated with the “blind spot” in the visual field? 

____________________________________________________________ 

20. What are the two (2) types of photoreceptor cells?

a. ______________________________________________________ 

b. ______________________________________________________

21. Which photoreceptor cell is heavily concentrated in the fovea centralis?

____________________________________________________________

22. What vessel is the origin of the central artery of the retina? 

____________________________________________________________

23. The superior and inferior ophthalmic veins receive venous blood from intraorbital structures. Blood in these vessels can drain out of the orbit by passing 

posteriorly, anteriorly or inferiorly, depending on intravenous pressure. What are the three (3) vascular structures that receive venous blood from the ophthalmic 

veins? 

a. _______________________________ posteriorly

b. _______________________________ inferiorly

c. _______________________________ anteriorly

A labelled cross-sectional diagram of the human ear.

Ear

1. What peripheral nerves provide sensory innervation to the auricle?

a. ______________________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________________

2. Which branchial arch is the origin of each of the following ossicles?

Malleus

___________________________

 Incus

___________________________

 Stapes

___________________________

3. Which of the ossicles is attached to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane?

_____________________________________________________________

 4. Which of the ossicles is attached to the oval window?

_____________________________________________________________

5. What muscle attaches to the malleus?

_____________________________________________________________ 

a. What cranial nerve innervates this muscle? 

______________________________________________________

6. What muscle attaches to the stapes?

_____________________________________________________________ 

a. What cranial nerve innervates this muscle?

_____________________________________________________

7. What cranial nerve transmits auditory impulses to the brainstem?

____________________________________________________________

8. What foramen of the skull transmits the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

____________________________________________________________

9. What vestibular system receptor structure is responsive to rotatory (angular) acceleration and deceleration of the head?

____________________________________________________________ 

10. What vestibular system receptor structure is responsive to linear acceleration and deceleration of the head? 

____________________________________________________________

11. What fluid substance is found in the scala tympani?

____________________________________________________________ 

12. What fluid substance is found in the scala vestibuli? 

____________________________________________________________

13. What fluid substance is found in the scala media?

____________________________________________________________

14. What fluid substance is found in the semicircular canals?

____________________________________________________________

15. Which vestibular receptor structures are associated with otoconia? 

____________________________________________________________

16. Where are the cell bodies of the afferent nerve fibers of the cochlear nerve?

____________________________________________________________ 

17. Where are the cell bodies of the afferent nerve fibers of the vestibular nerve? 

____________________________________________________________

18. In which quadrant of the tympanic membrane can you see the “cone of light”?

____________________________________________________________ 

19. Which two nerves pass through the tympanic cavity?

a. _____________________________________________________

b. _____________________________________________________ 

20. Which pharyngeal arch gives rise to the stapes?

___________________________________________________________

21. Which pharyngeal arch gives rise to the malleus?

___________________________________________________________

Answer Key 

Orbit

1. a. optic canal

b. superior orbital fissure

c. inferior orbital fissure

2. a. optic nerve

b. ophthalmic artery

3. a. frontal nerve

b. lacrimal nerve

c. nasociliary nerve

d. oculomotor nerve

e. trochlear nerve

f. abducens nerve

g. superior ophthalmic vein

h. inferior ophthalmic vein

4. a. oculomotor nerve (superior branch)

b. oculomotor nerve (inferior branch)

c. nasociliary nerve

d. abducens nerve

5. conjunctiva

6. a. levator palpebrae superioris

b. superior tarsal muscle (Mueller’s muscle)

7. a. tarsal glands

b. ciliary glands

8. anterior in the supero-lateral margin

9. below the inferior nasal concha

10. facial nerve

11. inferior oblique

12. oculomotor

13. superior cervical ganglion

14. a. frontal nerve

b. nasociliary nerve

c. lacrimal nerve

15. maxillary nerve

16. nasociliary nerve

17. nasociliary nerve

18. ophthalmic artery

19. cavernous sinus

Eye

1. a. sclera (fibrous)

b. choroid (vascular)

c. retina (neural)

2. long ciliary > nasociliary > trigeminal

3. iris

4. aqueous humor

5. aqueous humor

6. a. pupillary constrictor parasympathetic

b. pupillary dilator sympathetic

7. suspensory ligament of the lens (zonular fibers of Zinn)

8. accommodation of the lens

9. Edinger-Westphal nucleus ciliary ganglion

10. Edinger-Westphal nucleus ciliary ganglion

11. intermediolateral nucleus superior cervical ganglion

12. ciliary body

13. canal of Schlemm (scleral venous sinus)

14. lateral margin of the anterior chamber

15. point of exit of retinal ganglion cell axons from the retina

16. center of the optic disc

17. retinal region of high visual acuity

18. center of macula lutea – area of highest visual acuity

19. optic disc

20. a. rods

b. cones

21. cone

22. ophthalmic artery

23. a. cavernous sinus (posteriorly)

b. pterygoid sinus (inferiorly)

c. angular vein (anteriorly)

Ear

1. a. great auricular nerve

b. auriculotemporal nerve

2. malleus 1st arch

incus 2nd arch

stapes 3rd arch

3. malleus

4. stapes

5. tensor tympani

a. trigeminal

6. stapedius

a. facial

7. cochlear (auditory)

8. internal auditory meatus

9. semicircular canals

10. utricle and saccule (otolithic organs)

11. perilymph

12. perilymph

13. endolymph

14. endolymph

15. utricle and saccule (otolithic organs)

16. spiral ganglion

17. vestibular (Scarpa’s) ganglion 

18. anterior-inferior quadrant

19. a. chorda tympani

b. lesser superficial petrosal nerve

20. 2nd branchial arch 

21. 1st branchial arch

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